Intergrated Science 3 Review
Int SCience 3 eng
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. A measurement standard is defined as ____.
a.
a system of prefixes
b.
the distance between two points
c.
the exact quantity people agree to use for comparison
d.
the interval between two events
____ 2. The prefix kilo- means ____.
a.
1,000
c.
0.01
b.
100
d.
0.001
____ 3. The prefix milli- means ____.
a.
1,000
c.
0.01
b.
100
d.
0.001
____ 4. The correct symbol for the SI unit of temperature is ____.
a.
ºC
c.
K
b.
ºF
d.
s
____ 5. The SI unit that is used to measure time is the ____.
a.
kelvin
c.
second
b.
kilogram
d.
meter
____ 6. The variable plotted on the horizontal or x-axis is called the ____.
a.
dependent variable
c.
variable with the largest range
b.
independent variable
d.
variable with the smallest range
____ 7. How many meters are there in 1,865 cm?
a.
0.1865
c.
18.65
b.
1.865
d.
186.5
____ 8. In a graph showing temperature change of a material over time, temperature change is the ____.
a.
dependent variable
c.
variable with the largest range
b.
independent variable
d.
variable with the smallest range
____ 9. The best type of graph to use to show how some fixed quantity is broken down into parts is ____.
a.
bar graph
c.
circle graph
b.
line graph
d.
scatter graph
____ 10. One benefit of the SI system is that it is ____.
a.
based on units of 100
c.
based on multiples of ten
b.
not used to measure temperature
d.
not used in the United States
____ 11. A beaker contains 0.32 L of water. What is the volume of this water in milliliters?
a.
320 mL
c.
32 mL
b.
3.2 mL
d.
0.32 mL
____ 12. A box is 25 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 4 cm high. How many cubic centimeters of water can it hold?
a.
600
c.
150
b.
25
d.
24
____ 13. The lightbulb is an example of ____.
a.
a dependent variable
c.
pure science
b.
an exercise
d.
technology
____ 14. Another term for technology is ____.
a.
applied science
c.
matter
b.
energy
d.
pure science
____ 15. The process of gathering information through the senses is called ____.
a.
analysis
c.
hypothesis
b.
observation
d.
inference
____ 16. When designing an experiment, the first step is to ____.
a.
analyze the data
b.
list a procedure
c.
state a hypothesis
d.
state the problem
____ 17. A rule or principle that describes what happens in nature is a ____.
a.
hypothesis
c.
scientific law
b.
problem
d.
theory
____ 18. An explanation of an event that is based on repeated observations and experiments is a ____.
a.
hypothesis
c.
problem
b.
scientific law
d.
theory
____ 19. An idea, event, or object can be represented by a ____ to help people better understand it.
a.
constant
c.
law
b.
hypothesis
d.
model
____ 20. In an experiment to determine whether the popping of popcorn is affected by the temperature at which it is stored, counting the popped kernels is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
conclusion
c.
hypothesis
b.
control
d.
observation
____ 21. A standard for comparison that helps to ensure that the experimental result is caused by the condition being tested is the ____.
a.
constant
c.
dependent variable
b.
control
d.
hypothesis
____ 22. A factor in an experiment that changes from the manipulation of the independent variable is the ____.
a.
constant
c.
dependent variable
b.
control
d.
hypothesis
____ 23. A factor that does NOT change in an experiment is the ____.
a.
constant
c.
dependent variable
b.
control
d.
hypothesis
____ 24. Studying the effect of one thing on another in order to test a hypothesis is a(n) ____.
a.
exercise
c.
constant
b.
experiment
d.
problem
____ 25. A factor that is manipulated in an experiment to change the dependent variable is the ____.
a.
constant
c.
control
b.
dependent variable
d.
independent variable
____ 26. The application of scientific knowledge to help people is ____.
a.
a discovery
c.
pure science
b.
a hypothesis
d.
technology
____ 27. The process of learning more about the natural world is ____.
a.
an experiment
c.
a hypothesis
b.
a control
d.
science
____ 28. Experiments and investigations must be ____.
a.
approved
c.
repeatable
b.
unreproduceable
d.
accepted
____ 29. A prediction about a problem that can be tested is a(n) ____.
a.
hypothesis
c.
dependent variable
b.
independent variable
d.
control
____ 30. It is important to ____ when drawing conclusions from scientific information.
a.
keep notes
c.
talk to others
b.
make up your mind
d.
keep an open mind
____ 31. The factor being measured in an experiment is the ____.
a.
hypothesis
c.
variable
b.
scientific law
d.
control
____ 32. A variable in an experiment that stays the same is a(n) ____.
a.
independent variable
c.
constant
b.
dependent variable
d.
control
____ 33. Science cannot answer questions about ____.
a.
distance
c.
politics
b.
temperature
d.
the natural world
____ 34. Models can do all of the following EXCEPT ____.
a.
make a hypothesis
c.
test predictions
b.
communicate
d.
save time, money, and lives
____ 35. Limitations of models include ____.
a.
ability to communicate
c.
the tendency to change
b.
the ability to test predictions
d.
the ability to save time
____ 36. Models can be used to describe which of the following environments?
a.
the floor of the ocean
c.
space
b.
volcanoes
d.
all of the above
____ 37. Scientific ____ must be supported by observations and results from many investigations and are not absolute.
a.
constants
c.
systems
b.
theories
d.
laws
____ 38. The three branches of science are ____, Earth, and physical.
a.
space
c.
life
b.
physics
d.
chemistry
____ 39. Another term for technology is ____.
a.
applied science
c.
comparison
b.
controlled experiment
d.
sequence
____ 40. When designing an experiment, the first step is to ____.
a.
draw conclusions
c.
recognize a problem
b.
form a hypothesis
d.
test a hypothesis
____ 41. When conducting an experiment, the last step is to ____.
a.
analyze the data
c.
form a hypothesis
b.
draw conclusions
d.
recognize a problem
____ 42. A camera is an example of ____.
a.
an experiment
c.
technology
b.
a robot
d.
a scientific method
____ 43. To evaluate the observations you make, you must use ____.
a.
a hypothesis
c.
measurements
b.
critical thinking
d.
models
____ 44. Scientists must be impartial and not base their conclusions on ____.
a.
opinions
c.
models
b.
evidence
d.
experiments
____ 45. To ____ means to draw a conclusion based on something you observe.
a.
guess
c.
model
b.
control
d.
infer
____ 46. ____ materials are designed to get you to buy a product or service.
a.
Model
c.
Observed
b.
Scientific
d.
Advertising
____ 47. If you ride your bicycle down a straight road for 500 m then turn around and ride back, your distance is ____ your displacement.
a.
greater than
c.
less than
b.
equal to
d.
can’t determine
____ 48. Motion is a change in ____.
a.
time
c.
velocity
b.
speed
d.
position
____ 49. The speed you read on a speedometer is ____.
a.
instantaneous speed
c.
average speed
b.
constant speed
d.
velocity
____ 50. 3 m/s north is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
speed
c.
position
b.
velocity
d.
acceleration
____ 51. The relationship among speed, distance, and time is ____.
a.
t = s/d
c.
s = dt
b.
d = t/s
d.
s = d/t
____ 52. A single point on a distance-time graph tells the ____.
a.
instantaneous speed
c.
constant speed
b.
average speed
d.
average velocity
____ 53. A merry-go-round horse moves at a constant speed but at a changing ____.
a.
velocity
c.
inertia
b.
balanced force
d.
unbalanced force
____ 54. Acceleration is rate of change of ____.
a.
position
c.
velocity
b.
time
d.
force
____ 55. If you ride your bike up a hill, then ride down the other side, your acceleration is ____.
a.
all positive
c.
first positive, then negative
b.
all negative
d.
first negative, then positive
____ 56. The equation used to find acceleration is a = ____.
a.
vf – vi/t
c.
vi – vf /t
b.
v/t
d.
vi + vf/t
____ 57. A horizontal line on a velocity/time graph shows ____ acceleration.
a.
positive
c.
changing
b.
negative
d.
zero
____ 58. Inertia varies depending on ____.
a.
force
c.
velocity
b.
mass
d.
motion
____ 59. Newton's first law of motion is also called the law of ____.
a.
mass
c.
force
b.
inertia
d.
constant velocity
____ 60. The upward force on an object falling through the air is ____.
a.
air resistance
c.
momentum
b.
inertia
d.
terminal velocity
____ 61. The relationship among mass, force, and acceleration is explained by ____.
a.
conservation of momentum
b.
Newton's first law of motion
c.
Newton's second law of motion
d.
Newton's third law of motion
____ 62. A feather will fall through the air more slowly than a brick because of ____.
a.
air resistance
c.
inertia
b.
gravity
d.
momentum
____ 63. In the absence of air, a penny and a feather that are dropped from the same height at the same time will ____.
a.
fall at different rates
c.
float
b.
fall at the same rate
d.
not have momentum
____ 64. The acceleration due to gravity is ____.
a.
98 m/s2
c.
9.8 m/s
b.
9.8 m/s2
d.
0.98 m/s
____ 65. According to Newton's second law of motion, ____.
a.
F = m ´ a
c.
F = p ´ a
b.
F = m ´ v
d.
F = p ´ v
____ 66. When an object moves in a circular path, it accelerates toward the center of the circle as a result of ____.
a.
centripetal force
c.
gravitational force
b.
frictional force
d.
momentum
____ 67. The path of a projectile is ____.
a.
curved
c.
always vertical
b.
always horizontal
d.
straight
____ 68. For any object, the greater the force that's applied to it, the greater its ____ will be.
a.
acceleration
c.
inertia
b.
gravity
d.
velocity
____ 69. The size of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their ____.
a.
frictional forces
b.
inertia
c.
masses and the distance between them
d.
speed and direction
____ 70. As you get farther from the center of Earth, your weight will ____.
a.
decrease
c.
remain the same
b.
increase
d.
can't tell from information given
____ 71. When a force is exerted on a box, an equal and opposite force is exerted by the box. These forces are called ____ forces.
a.
action-reaction
c.
frictional
b.
centripetal
d.
gravitational
____ 72. A real car moving at 10 km/h has more momentum than a toy car moving at the same speed because the real car ____.
a.
generates less friction
b.
has greater mass
c.
has less mass
d.
has greater forward motion
____ 73. In the equation p = m ´ v, the p represents ____.
a.
friction
c.
momentum
b.
inertia
d.
position
____ 74. The statement "to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction" is ____.
a.
the law of conservation of momentum
b.
Newton's first law of motion
c.
Newton's second law of motion
d.
Newton's third law of motion
____ 75. The unit of momentum is ____.
a.
kg ´ m
c.
kg ´ m/s2
b.
kg ´ m/s
d.
m/s2
____ 76. When two balls collide, the momentum of the balls after the collision is explained by ____.
a.
the law of conservation of momentum
b.
Newton's first law of motion
c.
Newton's second law of motion
d.
Newton's third law of motion
____ 77. A 300-N force acts on a 25-kg object. The acceleration of the object is ____.
a.
7,500 m/s2
c.
25 m/s2
b.
300 m/s2
d.
12 m/s2
____ 78. A 3,000-N force acts on a 200-kg object. The acceleration of the object is ____.
a.
50 m/s2
c.
15 m/s2
b.
26 m/s2
d.
150 m/s2
____ 79. An object that is in free fall seems to be ____.
a.
not moving
b.
slowed by air resistance
c.
speeded up by air resistance
d.
weightless
____ 80. If gravity did NOT affect the path of a horizontally thrown ball, the ball would ____.
a.
go straight up
b.
fall straight down
c.
follow a curved path
d.
travel horizontally
Figure 3-1
____ 81. A ball attached to a string is being swung in a clockwise circular path as shown in Figure 3-1. Assume the string breaks at point A. In which direction will the ball be traveling an instant later?
a.
direction a
c.
direction c
b.
direction b
d.
direction d
____ 82. A ball attached to a string is being swung in a clockwise circular path as shown in Figure 3-1. In which direction will the acceleration on the ball be when the ball passes point A?
a.
direction a
c.
direction c
b.
direction b
d.
direction d
____ 83. The kinetic energy of an object increases as its ____ increases.
a.
gravitational energy
c.
specific heat
b.
potential energy
d.
velocity
____ 84. Increasing the speed of an object ____ its potential energy.
a.
does not affect
c.
decreases
b.
increases
d.
changes
____ 85. The SI unit for energy is the ____.
a.
calorie
c.
meter per second
b.
joule
d.
kilogram
____ 86. You can calculate kinetic energy by using the equation ____.
a.
KE (J) = m (kg) ´ 9.8 m/s2 ´ h (m)
c.
KE (J) = 1/2 m (kg) ´ v2 (m2/s2)
b.
KE (J) = w (m) ´ h (m)
d.
KE (J) = 9.8 m/s2 ´ 1/2 m (kg)
____ 87. You can calculate gravitational potential energy by using the equation ____.
a.
GPE (J) = 1/2m (kg) ´ 1/2h (m)
c.
GPE (J) = h (m) ´ 9.8 m/s2
b.
GPE (J) = m (kg) ´ 9.8 m/s2 ´ h (m)
d.
GPE (J) = 1/2h (m) ´ w (m)
____ 88. Which of the following devices does not make use of electrical energy?
a.
upright piano
c.
toaster
b.
radio
d.
digital camera
____ 89. A bus engine transfers chemical potential energy into ____ so that the bus moves.
a.
thermal energy
c.
electrical energy
b.
gravitational potential energy
d.
kinetic energy
____ 90. In a nuclear fusion reaction, mass is transformed into ____.
a.
matter
c.
energy
b.
nuclei
d.
light
____ 91. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total amount of energy in the universe ____.
a.
remains constant
c.
increases
b.
changes constantly
d.
decreases
____ 92. If a weight lifter is holding barbells above his head, what does he have to do to perform work?
a.
stand still
c.
step forward
b.
move barbells sideways
d.
lower barbells
Figure 5-1
____ 93. The fixed pulley shown in Figure 5-1 does which one of the following?
a.
doubles the force required to lift the block
b.
decrease the force required to lift the block
c.
makes the block easier to lift by changing the direction of the force needed to lift it
d.
decreases the force required and changes the direction of the force required
____ 94. A slanted surface used to raise an object is a(n) ____.
a.
efficiency board
c.
inclined plane
b.
effort ramp
d.
screw
____ 95. A device that does work with only one movement and changes the size or direction of a force is a(n) ____.
a.
compound machine
c.
screw
b.
effort machine
d.
simple machine
____ 96. A bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point is a ____.
a.
fulcrum
c.
ramp
b.
lever
d.
screw
____ 97. The rate at which work is done is called ____.
a.
efficiency
c.
force
b.
effort time
d.
power
____ 98. The amount by which a machine multiplies an effort force is called the ____.
a.
efficiency factor
c.
mechanical advantage
b.
fulcrum
d.
resistance force
____ 99. An inclined plane with one or two sloping sides forms a machine called a ____.
a.
pulley
c.
ramp
b.
lever
d.
wedge
____ 100. An inclined plane wrapped around a cylindrical post is a ____.
a.
block and tackle
c.
ramp
b.
lever
d.
screw
____ 101. A machine that changes only the direction of a force has a mechanical advantage of ____.
a.
100
c.
5
b.
10
d.
1
____ 102. A winding mountain road is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
block and tackle
c.
inclined plane
b.
lever
d.
wheel and axle
____ 103. When two or more simple machines work together, they are called a(n)____.
a.
compound machine
b.
effort machine
c.
screw
d.
simple machine
____ 104. The unit of power is the ____.
a.
joule
c.
m/s
b.
watt
d.
second
____ 105. A lever with a mechanical advantage greater than 1 is used to ____.
a.
change direction
c.
increase force
b.
increase distance
d.
increase force and change direction
____ 106. Three of the following simple machines are basically the same. The one that does NOT belong with the group is the ____.
a.
lever
c.
wedge
b.
pulley
d.
wheel and axle
____ 107. An arrangement of pulleys designed to reduce the effort force is called a ____.
a.
block and tackle
c.
movable pulley
b.
fixed pulley
d.
simple pulley
____ 108. Two simple machines that are part of a bicycle are a(n)____.
a.
gear and a wheel and axle
c.
inclined plane and a wedge
b.
inclined plane and a lever
d.
screw and an inclined plane
____ 109. The phase of the Moon that immediately precedes the new Moon is the ____.
a.
waxing crescent
c.
waning crescent
b.
first quarter
d.
third quarter
____ 110. Dark-colored, relatively flat regions of the Moon's surface that were formed when interior lava filled large basins are called ____.
a.
craters
c.
maria
b.
volcanoes
d.
sedimentary rocks
____ 111. A ____ occurs when the Moon moves directly between the Sun and Earth and throws a shadow on Earth.
a.
solar eclipse
c.
waning gibbous
b.
lunar eclipse
d.
waxing gibbous
____ 112. The Sun's rays strike Earth at their northernmost and southernmost positions during ____.
a.
winter and summer solstices
b.
spring and fall equinoxes
c.
lunar eclipses
d.
solar eclipses
____ 113. The yearly orbit of Earth around the Sun is called its ____.
a.
rotation
c.
revolution
b.
ellipse
d.
tilt
____ 114. The presence of maria on the Moon indicates that ____.
a.
the Moon contains lava beneath its surface
b.
many meteorites have hit the Moon recently
c.
few meteorites have hit the Moon
d.
the Moon has a dense atmosphere
____ 115. Summer occurs on the hemisphere of Earth that is ____.
a.
turned away from the Sun
c.
tilted away from the Sun
b.
tilted toward the Sun
d.
turned toward the Sun
____ 116. A wave will travel only as long as it has ____ to carry.
a.
energy
c.
amplitude
b.
mass
d.
matter
____ 117. When you squeeze together the coils of a spring and then release them, you are creating a ____ wave.
a.
transverse
c.
water
b.
compressional
d.
seismic
____ 118. Waves in which the particles of the medium move only in the same direction as the motion of the wave are ____ waves.
a.
transverse
c.
water
b.
compressional
d.
seismic
____ 119. Water waves are ____.
a.
transverse waves
c.
seismic waves
b.
compressional waves
d.
both a and b
____ 120. Seismic waves are ____ waves.
a.
transverse
c.
uniform
b.
compressional
d.
both a and b
____ 121. You are creating a wave on a spring. If you start shaking the spring more slowly, the wavelength of the resulting wave will ____.
a.
increase
c.
remain the same
b.
decrease
d.
depend on the amplitude
____ 122. If you are lying on a raft, and you notice that the number of waves that go past the raft increases, you also find that the distance between each crest ____.
a.
increases
c.
remains the same
b.
decreases
d.
spreads out
____ 123. Wave A carries more energy than wave B. Wave B has a smaller ____ than wave A.
a.
frequency
c.
amplitude
b.
wavelength
d.
speed
____ 124. The energy a wave carries is measured by its ____.
a.
wavelength
c.
amplitude
b.
frequency
d.
speed
____ 125. For a given wave, if the frequency doubles, the wavelength ____.
a.
doubles
c.
is halved
b.
stays the same
d.
quadruples
____ 126. When light is reflected from a surface, as the angle of incidence increases, the angle of reflection ____.
a.
increases
c.
remains the same
b.
decreases
d.
cannot be determined
____ 127. You can see this paper, your desk, and the person in front of you because light is being ____.
a.
absorbed
c.
diffracted
b.
refracted
d.
reflected
____ 128. When a wave passes from a less dense medium to a more dense medium, the ____ may change.
a.
speed
c.
wavelength
b.
frequency
d.
speed, frequency, and wavelength
____ 129. When the crest of one wave passes through the trough of another wave, ____ takes place.
a.
resonance
c.
constructive interference
b.
diffraction
d.
destructive interference
____ 130. A tuning fork starts to vibrate when a certain note is played on the piano. This is an example of ____.
a.
resonance
c.
refraction
b.
reflection
d.
diffraction
____ 131. Earthquake waves are called ____.
a.
seismic waves
c.
divergent waves
b.
convergent waves
d.
wave amplitudes
____ 132. Strike-slip faults are caused by ____ forces.
a.
compression
c.
right angle
b.
shear
d.
tension
____ 133. Which statement is true of P-waves?
a.
They travel the fastest through rocks.
b.
They vibrate at 90° to the wave motion.
c.
They are last to reach the epicenter.
d.
They are the most damaging.
____ 134. The modified Mercalli scale measures the ____ of an earthquake.
a.
magnitude
c.
amplitude
b.
energy
d.
intensity
____ 135. The Richter scale is based on measurements of the ____ of a seismic wave.
a.
speed
c.
intensity
b.
frequency
d.
amplitude
____ 136. When a volcano erupts, the molten material that flows onto Earth’s surface is called ____.
a.
magma
c.
rifts
b.
fissures
d.
lava
____ 137. Molten rock beneath Earth’s surface is called ____.
a.
magma
c.
lava
b.
tephra
d.
pyroclasts
____ 138. Thinner, easy-flowing lavas are rich in ____.
a.
silica
c.
volcanic ash
b.
water vapor
d.
iron and magnesium
____ 139. Sticky, thicker lavas ____.
a.
form flood basalts
c.
are rich in iron and magnesium
b.
are rich in silica
d.
flow very easily
____ 140. A composite volcano ____.
a.
sometimes erupts violently
b.
is steep-sided
c.
is composed of alternating layers of lava and tephra
d.
all of the above
____ 141. A shield volcano ____.
a.
has a steep-sloping cone made up of rocks and lava
b.
erupts with thin basaltic lava
c.
throws rocks and cinders into the air
d.
all of the above
____ 142. At a transform plate boundary, ____.
a.
plates grind past each other
c.
plates converge
b.
plates diverge
d.
hot spots form
____ 143. At a divergent plate boundary, ____.
a.
one plate slides under another plate
b.
the edge of one plate melts and becomes magma
c.
plates grind past each other
d.
plates move apart
____ 144. The layer on which the tectonic plates move is the ____.
a.
lithosphere
c.
core
b.
asthenosphere
d.
crust
Short Answer
145. A scientist is doing research to find a cure for cancer. What type of science is he or she doing? Explain your answer.
146. What is the definition of a derived unit?
147. List three athletic events that do NOT use the SI system of measurement.
148. Define a "standard" as it is used in the term standard measurement.
149. A young horse can be described as "fence-post tall." Explain what is wrong with this description.
150. Why is a cubic centimeter a derived unit?
151. Why are the points on a bar graph not connected?
152. A scientist designed an experiment to see if plants require sunlight to grow. Twenty-four growing plants were placed in a dark closet. Two weeks later all of the plants were dead. Does the experiment demonstrate that the plants require sunlight? Explain.
153. Sequence the following steps: scientific law, problem, theory, hypothesis, experiment.
154. Explain why it is a good idea to read all instructions before beginning an experiment.
155. Explain how the lack of a control in an experiment affects the data.
156. Why can so many different theories be proposed each year, but few laws are proposed in ten years?
157. List four items in your local supermarket that are marked in SI units.
158. List three athletic events that use the SI system of measurement.
159. How is the International System of Units commonly abbreviated?
Figure 1-3
160. Use the graph in Figure 1-3 to find the number of grams of sugar that will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 80ºC.
161. Use the graph in Figure 1-3 to find the temperature, in Celsius, that will dissolve 300 g of sugar in 100 g of water.
162. What is the dependent variable in the graph shown on Figure 1-3?
163. What type of graph is shown in Figure 1-3?
164. Arrange each of the following in order from largest to smallest.
1. centimeter
2. kilometers
3. meters
4. micrometers
5. millimeters
165. List at least two things that scientists and explorers have in common.
166. Describe a scientific theory.
167. How do scientists come up with hypotheses?
168. What is the difference between science and technology?
169. List at least three important science skills.
170. Describe how scientists might use at least two science skills to explore data from studying the planet Pluto.
171. List at least three important safety rules to follow when conducting science experiments or activities.
172. What is a system?
173. Explain the role of opinion in observing scientific data.
174. What is the difference between observation and inference?
175. A truck travels to and from a stone quarry that is located 2.5 km to the east. What is its distance? What is its displacement?
176. Describe how both velocity and acceleration are rates of change.
177. What is necessary for an object to accelerate?
178. If two equal forces act on an object in opposite directions, what is the net force? What is the acceleration?
179. Can an object be in motion if the net force acting on it is zero? Explain.
180. State Newton’s first law of motion.
181. If you are running and you stub your toe, you fall forward. Explain.
182. Why is it necessary to wear a seat belt to hold you in place if you are riding in a car that stops suddenly?
Object
Mass
Velocity
Momentum
1
10 kg
25 m/s
A.
2
B.
25 m/s
300 kg ´ m/s
3
25 kg
C.
300 kg ´ m/s
4
D.
25 m/s
300 kg ´ m/s
Table 3-1
183. In Table 3-1, how does the momentum of object 2 compare with the momentum of object 3?
184. Sally sits on a rock. Her weight is an action force. Describe its reaction force.
185. Sally throws a ball horizontally from the top of a tall building at the same time that Pete drops a ball from the top of the same building. Which ball will hit the ground first? Explain your answer.
186. List the forces that act on a tennis ball during a game and explain how each force affects the tennis ball.
187. Explain how mass and weight are different from each other.
188. Why is your weight less on the Moon than on Earth, but your mass is the same?
189. What is weight?
190. The space shuttle moves into a higher orbit farther from Earth. Explain what happens to the gravitational force on the shuttle.
191. What causes friction?
192. How is mass converted into energy in nuclear fusion?
193. How is mass converted into energy in nuclear fission?
Figure 4-1
194. Which ball in Figure 4-1 has the greatest potential energy?
195. A ball has 100 J of potential energy when it is on a shelf. Explain what happens to the potential energy and the kinetic energy as the ball falls, and find the amount of kinetic energy the ball has at the instant it hits the floor.
196. How does the child's ride on the slide change if the slide is lubricated with water to make it slippery?
197. Describe the changes in mechanical energy as you run up a flight of steps.
198. A dump truck, a sports car, and a bicycle are traveling at the same velocity. Compare their kinetic energies.
199. How is nuclear fission used to generate electricity?
200. An inventor claims to have built a machine that can produce 120 J of work with an input of 110 J. Would you believe the inventor's claim? Why or why not?
201. What happens to energy when work is done?
202. Explain why the mechanical advantage of a single fixed pulley is always 1.
203. How are work, time, and power related?
204. Explain why adding oil to the moving parts of a machine can increase its efficiency.
205. Gears are modified wheel-and-axle machines. Explain how to calculate the mechanical advantage of a pair of gears.
206. Why is actual mechanical advantage less than ideal mechanical advantage?
207. What is the unit of efficiency?
208. How did Aristotle conclude that Earth's shape was spherical based on an eclipse?
209. Why have only a few people ever seen a total solar eclipse?
210. How do the Moon's phases depend on the relative position of the Sun, Moon, and Earth?
211. Why would it be very difficult to drop a note in a bottle off of a boat into the waves and have it reach shore?
212. If you put a ringing alarm clock into a vacuum jar, you cannot hear the alarm. Explain.
213. On the surface of the ocean, water particles are free to move up-and-down as well as back-and-forth to form a combination of transverse and compressional waves. What kind of waves are likely to transport energy deep in the ocean? Why?
214. Explain how seismic waves form.
Figure 10-1
215. In Figure 10-1, identify the following structures:
______ wavelength
______ crest
______ amplitude
216. You drop a stone into a pond. Ripples move away from the point where the stone entered the water. As the ripples move out, they become smaller and smaller. Explain what is happening in terms of energy.
217. Explain what it means for a wave to have a frequency of one hertz.
218. A light wave traveling at an angle starts in air and passes into glass. Will the wave's speed and direction be affected?
219. Explain why AM signals can often be heard behind hills while FM signals cannot.
220. Compare and contrast refraction and diffraction.
221. A standing wave shows both constructive and destructive interference. Explain.
222. Hollister, California, lies directly over the San Andreas strike-slip fault. Every five or six years the streets and sidewalks crack and have to be repaired. Explain.
223. Based on the modified Mercalli scale, describe the effects of an intensity I and an intensity XII earthquake.
224. List three dangers to people from a volcanic eruption.
Problem
225. A small stone dropped into a graduated cylinder causes the water level in the cylinder to rise from 18 mL to 22 mL. What is the volume of the stone?
226. What is the density of the acid in a car battery if 200 mL of the acid has a mass of 240 g?
227. A temperature of 798K is equal to what Celsius temperature?
Figure 1-1
228. Use the graph in Figure 1-1 to determine the percent of human blood that is NOT red blood cells.
Figure 1-2
229. Use Figure 1-2 to find the percentage of adults who carpool compared to the number of adults who ride the bus.
230. A cross-country runner runs 10 km in 40 minutes. What is his average speed?
231. A high speed train travels with an average speed of 227 km/h. The train travels for 2 h. How far does the train travel?
232. Find the acceleration of a car that goes from 32 m/s to 96 m/s in 8.0 s.
233. A 10-kg wagon has a speed of 25 m/s. What is its momentum?
234. Calculate the force on an object that has a mass of 12 kg and an acceleration of 4 m/s2.
235. An 18-kg bicycle carrying a 62-kg girl is traveling at a speed of 7 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the girl and bicycle?
236. A 20-kg bicycle carrying a 50-kg girl is traveling at a speed of 8 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the girl and bicycle?
237. A 70-kg boy is sitting 3 m from the ground in a tree. What is his gravitational potential energy?
238. A 90-kg ceiling light is suspended 4 m above the floor. What is its gravitational potential energy?
Figure 5-2
239. Find the ideal mechanical advantage of the second-class lever shown in Figure 5-2.
240. What would be the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever in Figure 5-2 if the fulcrum were moved 2 m to the right?
Figure 5-3
241. In Figure 5-3A, what is the ideal mechanical advantage of the inclined plane?
242. In Figure 5-3A, what is the weight of the block?
243. In Figure 5-3A, what is the amount of work required to move the block along the total length of the inclined plane?
244. If the weight of the block in Figure 5-3A were doubled, how much work would be required to move the block along the total length of the inclined plane?
245. If the efficiency of the fixed pulley in Figure 5-3B were 100 percent, how much force would be required in using the pulley to lift the block off the ground?
246. Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage of a lever that is 6 m long and that has 4.5 m effort arm.
247. A 24 cm long screwdriver is used as a lever to open a can of paint. If the fulcrum is 0.5 cm away from the end of the screwdriver, what is the screwdriver's ideal mechanical advantage?
248. Make a sketch of a possible block-and-tackle arrangement that has a mechanical advantage of 4.
249. Speed can be determined by dividing the distance traveled by the time. The water waves in a lake travel 4.4 m in 2.0 s. What is the speed of the waves?
250. An ocean wave has a frequency of 2.0 Hz with a wavelength of 10 m. What is the velocity of the wave?
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. A measurement standard is defined as ____.
a.
a system of prefixes
b.
the distance between two points
c.
the exact quantity people agree to use for comparison
d.
the interval between two events
____ 2. The prefix kilo- means ____.
a.
1,000
c.
0.01
b.
100
d.
0.001
____ 3. The prefix milli- means ____.
a.
1,000
c.
0.01
b.
100
d.
0.001
____ 4. The correct symbol for the SI unit of temperature is ____.
a.
ºC
c.
K
b.
ºF
d.
s
____ 5. The SI unit that is used to measure time is the ____.
a.
kelvin
c.
second
b.
kilogram
d.
meter
____ 6. The variable plotted on the horizontal or x-axis is called the ____.
a.
dependent variable
c.
variable with the largest range
b.
independent variable
d.
variable with the smallest range
____ 7. How many meters are there in 1,865 cm?
a.
0.1865
c.
18.65
b.
1.865
d.
186.5
____ 8. In a graph showing temperature change of a material over time, temperature change is the ____.
a.
dependent variable
c.
variable with the largest range
b.
independent variable
d.
variable with the smallest range
____ 9. The best type of graph to use to show how some fixed quantity is broken down into parts is ____.
a.
bar graph
c.
circle graph
b.
line graph
d.
scatter graph
____ 10. One benefit of the SI system is that it is ____.
a.
based on units of 100
c.
based on multiples of ten
b.
not used to measure temperature
d.
not used in the United States
____ 11. A beaker contains 0.32 L of water. What is the volume of this water in milliliters?
a.
320 mL
c.
32 mL
b.
3.2 mL
d.
0.32 mL
____ 12. A box is 25 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 4 cm high. How many cubic centimeters of water can it hold?
a.
600
c.
150
b.
25
d.
24
____ 13. The lightbulb is an example of ____.
a.
a dependent variable
c.
pure science
b.
an exercise
d.
technology
____ 14. Another term for technology is ____.
a.
applied science
c.
matter
b.
energy
d.
pure science
____ 15. The process of gathering information through the senses is called ____.
a.
analysis
c.
hypothesis
b.
observation
d.
inference
____ 16. When designing an experiment, the first step is to ____.
a.
analyze the data
b.
list a procedure
c.
state a hypothesis
d.
state the problem
____ 17. A rule or principle that describes what happens in nature is a ____.
a.
hypothesis
c.
scientific law
b.
problem
d.
theory
____ 18. An explanation of an event that is based on repeated observations and experiments is a ____.
a.
hypothesis
c.
problem
b.
scientific law
d.
theory
____ 19. An idea, event, or object can be represented by a ____ to help people better understand it.
a.
constant
c.
law
b.
hypothesis
d.
model
____ 20. In an experiment to determine whether the popping of popcorn is affected by the temperature at which it is stored, counting the popped kernels is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
conclusion
c.
hypothesis
b.
control
d.
observation
____ 21. A standard for comparison that helps to ensure that the experimental result is caused by the condition being tested is the ____.
a.
constant
c.
dependent variable
b.
control
d.
hypothesis
____ 22. A factor in an experiment that changes from the manipulation of the independent variable is the ____.
a.
constant
c.
dependent variable
b.
control
d.
hypothesis
____ 23. A factor that does NOT change in an experiment is the ____.
a.
constant
c.
dependent variable
b.
control
d.
hypothesis
____ 24. Studying the effect of one thing on another in order to test a hypothesis is a(n) ____.
a.
exercise
c.
constant
b.
experiment
d.
problem
____ 25. A factor that is manipulated in an experiment to change the dependent variable is the ____.
a.
constant
c.
control
b.
dependent variable
d.
independent variable
____ 26. The application of scientific knowledge to help people is ____.
a.
a discovery
c.
pure science
b.
a hypothesis
d.
technology
____ 27. The process of learning more about the natural world is ____.
a.
an experiment
c.
a hypothesis
b.
a control
d.
science
____ 28. Experiments and investigations must be ____.
a.
approved
c.
repeatable
b.
unreproduceable
d.
accepted
____ 29. A prediction about a problem that can be tested is a(n) ____.
a.
hypothesis
c.
dependent variable
b.
independent variable
d.
control
____ 30. It is important to ____ when drawing conclusions from scientific information.
a.
keep notes
c.
talk to others
b.
make up your mind
d.
keep an open mind
____ 31. The factor being measured in an experiment is the ____.
a.
hypothesis
c.
variable
b.
scientific law
d.
control
____ 32. A variable in an experiment that stays the same is a(n) ____.
a.
independent variable
c.
constant
b.
dependent variable
d.
control
____ 33. Science cannot answer questions about ____.
a.
distance
c.
politics
b.
temperature
d.
the natural world
____ 34. Models can do all of the following EXCEPT ____.
a.
make a hypothesis
c.
test predictions
b.
communicate
d.
save time, money, and lives
____ 35. Limitations of models include ____.
a.
ability to communicate
c.
the tendency to change
b.
the ability to test predictions
d.
the ability to save time
____ 36. Models can be used to describe which of the following environments?
a.
the floor of the ocean
c.
space
b.
volcanoes
d.
all of the above
____ 37. Scientific ____ must be supported by observations and results from many investigations and are not absolute.
a.
constants
c.
systems
b.
theories
d.
laws
____ 38. The three branches of science are ____, Earth, and physical.
a.
space
c.
life
b.
physics
d.
chemistry
____ 39. Another term for technology is ____.
a.
applied science
c.
comparison
b.
controlled experiment
d.
sequence
____ 40. When designing an experiment, the first step is to ____.
a.
draw conclusions
c.
recognize a problem
b.
form a hypothesis
d.
test a hypothesis
____ 41. When conducting an experiment, the last step is to ____.
a.
analyze the data
c.
form a hypothesis
b.
draw conclusions
d.
recognize a problem
____ 42. A camera is an example of ____.
a.
an experiment
c.
technology
b.
a robot
d.
a scientific method
____ 43. To evaluate the observations you make, you must use ____.
a.
a hypothesis
c.
measurements
b.
critical thinking
d.
models
____ 44. Scientists must be impartial and not base their conclusions on ____.
a.
opinions
c.
models
b.
evidence
d.
experiments
____ 45. To ____ means to draw a conclusion based on something you observe.
a.
guess
c.
model
b.
control
d.
infer
____ 46. ____ materials are designed to get you to buy a product or service.
a.
Model
c.
Observed
b.
Scientific
d.
Advertising
____ 47. If you ride your bicycle down a straight road for 500 m then turn around and ride back, your distance is ____ your displacement.
a.
greater than
c.
less than
b.
equal to
d.
can’t determine
____ 48. Motion is a change in ____.
a.
time
c.
velocity
b.
speed
d.
position
____ 49. The speed you read on a speedometer is ____.
a.
instantaneous speed
c.
average speed
b.
constant speed
d.
velocity
____ 50. 3 m/s north is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
speed
c.
position
b.
velocity
d.
acceleration
____ 51. The relationship among speed, distance, and time is ____.
a.
t = s/d
c.
s = dt
b.
d = t/s
d.
s = d/t
____ 52. A single point on a distance-time graph tells the ____.
a.
instantaneous speed
c.
constant speed
b.
average speed
d.
average velocity
____ 53. A merry-go-round horse moves at a constant speed but at a changing ____.
a.
velocity
c.
inertia
b.
balanced force
d.
unbalanced force
____ 54. Acceleration is rate of change of ____.
a.
position
c.
velocity
b.
time
d.
force
____ 55. If you ride your bike up a hill, then ride down the other side, your acceleration is ____.
a.
all positive
c.
first positive, then negative
b.
all negative
d.
first negative, then positive
____ 56. The equation used to find acceleration is a = ____.
a.
vf – vi/t
c.
vi – vf /t
b.
v/t
d.
vi + vf/t
____ 57. A horizontal line on a velocity/time graph shows ____ acceleration.
a.
positive
c.
changing
b.
negative
d.
zero
____ 58. Inertia varies depending on ____.
a.
force
c.
velocity
b.
mass
d.
motion
____ 59. Newton's first law of motion is also called the law of ____.
a.
mass
c.
force
b.
inertia
d.
constant velocity
____ 60. The upward force on an object falling through the air is ____.
a.
air resistance
c.
momentum
b.
inertia
d.
terminal velocity
____ 61. The relationship among mass, force, and acceleration is explained by ____.
a.
conservation of momentum
b.
Newton's first law of motion
c.
Newton's second law of motion
d.
Newton's third law of motion
____ 62. A feather will fall through the air more slowly than a brick because of ____.
a.
air resistance
c.
inertia
b.
gravity
d.
momentum
____ 63. In the absence of air, a penny and a feather that are dropped from the same height at the same time will ____.
a.
fall at different rates
c.
float
b.
fall at the same rate
d.
not have momentum
____ 64. The acceleration due to gravity is ____.
a.
98 m/s2
c.
9.8 m/s
b.
9.8 m/s2
d.
0.98 m/s
____ 65. According to Newton's second law of motion, ____.
a.
F = m ´ a
c.
F = p ´ a
b.
F = m ´ v
d.
F = p ´ v
____ 66. When an object moves in a circular path, it accelerates toward the center of the circle as a result of ____.
a.
centripetal force
c.
gravitational force
b.
frictional force
d.
momentum
____ 67. The path of a projectile is ____.
a.
curved
c.
always vertical
b.
always horizontal
d.
straight
____ 68. For any object, the greater the force that's applied to it, the greater its ____ will be.
a.
acceleration
c.
inertia
b.
gravity
d.
velocity
____ 69. The size of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their ____.
a.
frictional forces
b.
inertia
c.
masses and the distance between them
d.
speed and direction
____ 70. As you get farther from the center of Earth, your weight will ____.
a.
decrease
c.
remain the same
b.
increase
d.
can't tell from information given
____ 71. When a force is exerted on a box, an equal and opposite force is exerted by the box. These forces are called ____ forces.
a.
action-reaction
c.
frictional
b.
centripetal
d.
gravitational
____ 72. A real car moving at 10 km/h has more momentum than a toy car moving at the same speed because the real car ____.
a.
generates less friction
b.
has greater mass
c.
has less mass
d.
has greater forward motion
____ 73. In the equation p = m ´ v, the p represents ____.
a.
friction
c.
momentum
b.
inertia
d.
position
____ 74. The statement "to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction" is ____.
a.
the law of conservation of momentum
b.
Newton's first law of motion
c.
Newton's second law of motion
d.
Newton's third law of motion
____ 75. The unit of momentum is ____.
a.
kg ´ m
c.
kg ´ m/s2
b.
kg ´ m/s
d.
m/s2
____ 76. When two balls collide, the momentum of the balls after the collision is explained by ____.
a.
the law of conservation of momentum
b.
Newton's first law of motion
c.
Newton's second law of motion
d.
Newton's third law of motion
____ 77. A 300-N force acts on a 25-kg object. The acceleration of the object is ____.
a.
7,500 m/s2
c.
25 m/s2
b.
300 m/s2
d.
12 m/s2
____ 78. A 3,000-N force acts on a 200-kg object. The acceleration of the object is ____.
a.
50 m/s2
c.
15 m/s2
b.
26 m/s2
d.
150 m/s2
____ 79. An object that is in free fall seems to be ____.
a.
not moving
b.
slowed by air resistance
c.
speeded up by air resistance
d.
weightless
____ 80. If gravity did NOT affect the path of a horizontally thrown ball, the ball would ____.
a.
go straight up
b.
fall straight down
c.
follow a curved path
d.
travel horizontally
Figure 3-1
____ 81. A ball attached to a string is being swung in a clockwise circular path as shown in Figure 3-1. Assume the string breaks at point A. In which direction will the ball be traveling an instant later?
a.
direction a
c.
direction c
b.
direction b
d.
direction d
____ 82. A ball attached to a string is being swung in a clockwise circular path as shown in Figure 3-1. In which direction will the acceleration on the ball be when the ball passes point A?
a.
direction a
c.
direction c
b.
direction b
d.
direction d
____ 83. The kinetic energy of an object increases as its ____ increases.
a.
gravitational energy
c.
specific heat
b.
potential energy
d.
velocity
____ 84. Increasing the speed of an object ____ its potential energy.
a.
does not affect
c.
decreases
b.
increases
d.
changes
____ 85. The SI unit for energy is the ____.
a.
calorie
c.
meter per second
b.
joule
d.
kilogram
____ 86. You can calculate kinetic energy by using the equation ____.
a.
KE (J) = m (kg) ´ 9.8 m/s2 ´ h (m)
c.
KE (J) = 1/2 m (kg) ´ v2 (m2/s2)
b.
KE (J) = w (m) ´ h (m)
d.
KE (J) = 9.8 m/s2 ´ 1/2 m (kg)
____ 87. You can calculate gravitational potential energy by using the equation ____.
a.
GPE (J) = 1/2m (kg) ´ 1/2h (m)
c.
GPE (J) = h (m) ´ 9.8 m/s2
b.
GPE (J) = m (kg) ´ 9.8 m/s2 ´ h (m)
d.
GPE (J) = 1/2h (m) ´ w (m)
____ 88. Which of the following devices does not make use of electrical energy?
a.
upright piano
c.
toaster
b.
radio
d.
digital camera
____ 89. A bus engine transfers chemical potential energy into ____ so that the bus moves.
a.
thermal energy
c.
electrical energy
b.
gravitational potential energy
d.
kinetic energy
____ 90. In a nuclear fusion reaction, mass is transformed into ____.
a.
matter
c.
energy
b.
nuclei
d.
light
____ 91. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total amount of energy in the universe ____.
a.
remains constant
c.
increases
b.
changes constantly
d.
decreases
____ 92. If a weight lifter is holding barbells above his head, what does he have to do to perform work?
a.
stand still
c.
step forward
b.
move barbells sideways
d.
lower barbells
Figure 5-1
____ 93. The fixed pulley shown in Figure 5-1 does which one of the following?
a.
doubles the force required to lift the block
b.
decrease the force required to lift the block
c.
makes the block easier to lift by changing the direction of the force needed to lift it
d.
decreases the force required and changes the direction of the force required
____ 94. A slanted surface used to raise an object is a(n) ____.
a.
efficiency board
c.
inclined plane
b.
effort ramp
d.
screw
____ 95. A device that does work with only one movement and changes the size or direction of a force is a(n) ____.
a.
compound machine
c.
screw
b.
effort machine
d.
simple machine
____ 96. A bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point is a ____.
a.
fulcrum
c.
ramp
b.
lever
d.
screw
____ 97. The rate at which work is done is called ____.
a.
efficiency
c.
force
b.
effort time
d.
power
____ 98. The amount by which a machine multiplies an effort force is called the ____.
a.
efficiency factor
c.
mechanical advantage
b.
fulcrum
d.
resistance force
____ 99. An inclined plane with one or two sloping sides forms a machine called a ____.
a.
pulley
c.
ramp
b.
lever
d.
wedge
____ 100. An inclined plane wrapped around a cylindrical post is a ____.
a.
block and tackle
c.
ramp
b.
lever
d.
screw
____ 101. A machine that changes only the direction of a force has a mechanical advantage of ____.
a.
100
c.
5
b.
10
d.
1
____ 102. A winding mountain road is an example of a(n) ____.
a.
block and tackle
c.
inclined plane
b.
lever
d.
wheel and axle
____ 103. When two or more simple machines work together, they are called a(n)____.
a.
compound machine
b.
effort machine
c.
screw
d.
simple machine
____ 104. The unit of power is the ____.
a.
joule
c.
m/s
b.
watt
d.
second
____ 105. A lever with a mechanical advantage greater than 1 is used to ____.
a.
change direction
c.
increase force
b.
increase distance
d.
increase force and change direction
____ 106. Three of the following simple machines are basically the same. The one that does NOT belong with the group is the ____.
a.
lever
c.
wedge
b.
pulley
d.
wheel and axle
____ 107. An arrangement of pulleys designed to reduce the effort force is called a ____.
a.
block and tackle
c.
movable pulley
b.
fixed pulley
d.
simple pulley
____ 108. Two simple machines that are part of a bicycle are a(n)____.
a.
gear and a wheel and axle
c.
inclined plane and a wedge
b.
inclined plane and a lever
d.
screw and an inclined plane
____ 109. The phase of the Moon that immediately precedes the new Moon is the ____.
a.
waxing crescent
c.
waning crescent
b.
first quarter
d.
third quarter
____ 110. Dark-colored, relatively flat regions of the Moon's surface that were formed when interior lava filled large basins are called ____.
a.
craters
c.
maria
b.
volcanoes
d.
sedimentary rocks
____ 111. A ____ occurs when the Moon moves directly between the Sun and Earth and throws a shadow on Earth.
a.
solar eclipse
c.
waning gibbous
b.
lunar eclipse
d.
waxing gibbous
____ 112. The Sun's rays strike Earth at their northernmost and southernmost positions during ____.
a.
winter and summer solstices
b.
spring and fall equinoxes
c.
lunar eclipses
d.
solar eclipses
____ 113. The yearly orbit of Earth around the Sun is called its ____.
a.
rotation
c.
revolution
b.
ellipse
d.
tilt
____ 114. The presence of maria on the Moon indicates that ____.
a.
the Moon contains lava beneath its surface
b.
many meteorites have hit the Moon recently
c.
few meteorites have hit the Moon
d.
the Moon has a dense atmosphere
____ 115. Summer occurs on the hemisphere of Earth that is ____.
a.
turned away from the Sun
c.
tilted away from the Sun
b.
tilted toward the Sun
d.
turned toward the Sun
____ 116. A wave will travel only as long as it has ____ to carry.
a.
energy
c.
amplitude
b.
mass
d.
matter
____ 117. When you squeeze together the coils of a spring and then release them, you are creating a ____ wave.
a.
transverse
c.
water
b.
compressional
d.
seismic
____ 118. Waves in which the particles of the medium move only in the same direction as the motion of the wave are ____ waves.
a.
transverse
c.
water
b.
compressional
d.
seismic
____ 119. Water waves are ____.
a.
transverse waves
c.
seismic waves
b.
compressional waves
d.
both a and b
____ 120. Seismic waves are ____ waves.
a.
transverse
c.
uniform
b.
compressional
d.
both a and b
____ 121. You are creating a wave on a spring. If you start shaking the spring more slowly, the wavelength of the resulting wave will ____.
a.
increase
c.
remain the same
b.
decrease
d.
depend on the amplitude
____ 122. If you are lying on a raft, and you notice that the number of waves that go past the raft increases, you also find that the distance between each crest ____.
a.
increases
c.
remains the same
b.
decreases
d.
spreads out
____ 123. Wave A carries more energy than wave B. Wave B has a smaller ____ than wave A.
a.
frequency
c.
amplitude
b.
wavelength
d.
speed
____ 124. The energy a wave carries is measured by its ____.
a.
wavelength
c.
amplitude
b.
frequency
d.
speed
____ 125. For a given wave, if the frequency doubles, the wavelength ____.
a.
doubles
c.
is halved
b.
stays the same
d.
quadruples
____ 126. When light is reflected from a surface, as the angle of incidence increases, the angle of reflection ____.
a.
increases
c.
remains the same
b.
decreases
d.
cannot be determined
____ 127. You can see this paper, your desk, and the person in front of you because light is being ____.
a.
absorbed
c.
diffracted
b.
refracted
d.
reflected
____ 128. When a wave passes from a less dense medium to a more dense medium, the ____ may change.
a.
speed
c.
wavelength
b.
frequency
d.
speed, frequency, and wavelength
____ 129. When the crest of one wave passes through the trough of another wave, ____ takes place.
a.
resonance
c.
constructive interference
b.
diffraction
d.
destructive interference
____ 130. A tuning fork starts to vibrate when a certain note is played on the piano. This is an example of ____.
a.
resonance
c.
refraction
b.
reflection
d.
diffraction
____ 131. Earthquake waves are called ____.
a.
seismic waves
c.
divergent waves
b.
convergent waves
d.
wave amplitudes
____ 132. Strike-slip faults are caused by ____ forces.
a.
compression
c.
right angle
b.
shear
d.
tension
____ 133. Which statement is true of P-waves?
a.
They travel the fastest through rocks.
b.
They vibrate at 90° to the wave motion.
c.
They are last to reach the epicenter.
d.
They are the most damaging.
____ 134. The modified Mercalli scale measures the ____ of an earthquake.
a.
magnitude
c.
amplitude
b.
energy
d.
intensity
____ 135. The Richter scale is based on measurements of the ____ of a seismic wave.
a.
speed
c.
intensity
b.
frequency
d.
amplitude
____ 136. When a volcano erupts, the molten material that flows onto Earth’s surface is called ____.
a.
magma
c.
rifts
b.
fissures
d.
lava
____ 137. Molten rock beneath Earth’s surface is called ____.
a.
magma
c.
lava
b.
tephra
d.
pyroclasts
____ 138. Thinner, easy-flowing lavas are rich in ____.
a.
silica
c.
volcanic ash
b.
water vapor
d.
iron and magnesium
____ 139. Sticky, thicker lavas ____.
a.
form flood basalts
c.
are rich in iron and magnesium
b.
are rich in silica
d.
flow very easily
____ 140. A composite volcano ____.
a.
sometimes erupts violently
b.
is steep-sided
c.
is composed of alternating layers of lava and tephra
d.
all of the above
____ 141. A shield volcano ____.
a.
has a steep-sloping cone made up of rocks and lava
b.
erupts with thin basaltic lava
c.
throws rocks and cinders into the air
d.
all of the above
____ 142. At a transform plate boundary, ____.
a.
plates grind past each other
c.
plates converge
b.
plates diverge
d.
hot spots form
____ 143. At a divergent plate boundary, ____.
a.
one plate slides under another plate
b.
the edge of one plate melts and becomes magma
c.
plates grind past each other
d.
plates move apart
____ 144. The layer on which the tectonic plates move is the ____.
a.
lithosphere
c.
core
b.
asthenosphere
d.
crust
Short Answer
145. A scientist is doing research to find a cure for cancer. What type of science is he or she doing? Explain your answer.
146. What is the definition of a derived unit?
147. List three athletic events that do NOT use the SI system of measurement.
148. Define a "standard" as it is used in the term standard measurement.
149. A young horse can be described as "fence-post tall." Explain what is wrong with this description.
150. Why is a cubic centimeter a derived unit?
151. Why are the points on a bar graph not connected?
152. A scientist designed an experiment to see if plants require sunlight to grow. Twenty-four growing plants were placed in a dark closet. Two weeks later all of the plants were dead. Does the experiment demonstrate that the plants require sunlight? Explain.
153. Sequence the following steps: scientific law, problem, theory, hypothesis, experiment.
154. Explain why it is a good idea to read all instructions before beginning an experiment.
155. Explain how the lack of a control in an experiment affects the data.
156. Why can so many different theories be proposed each year, but few laws are proposed in ten years?
157. List four items in your local supermarket that are marked in SI units.
158. List three athletic events that use the SI system of measurement.
159. How is the International System of Units commonly abbreviated?
Figure 1-3
160. Use the graph in Figure 1-3 to find the number of grams of sugar that will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 80ºC.
161. Use the graph in Figure 1-3 to find the temperature, in Celsius, that will dissolve 300 g of sugar in 100 g of water.
162. What is the dependent variable in the graph shown on Figure 1-3?
163. What type of graph is shown in Figure 1-3?
164. Arrange each of the following in order from largest to smallest.
1. centimeter
2. kilometers
3. meters
4. micrometers
5. millimeters
165. List at least two things that scientists and explorers have in common.
166. Describe a scientific theory.
167. How do scientists come up with hypotheses?
168. What is the difference between science and technology?
169. List at least three important science skills.
170. Describe how scientists might use at least two science skills to explore data from studying the planet Pluto.
171. List at least three important safety rules to follow when conducting science experiments or activities.
172. What is a system?
173. Explain the role of opinion in observing scientific data.
174. What is the difference between observation and inference?
175. A truck travels to and from a stone quarry that is located 2.5 km to the east. What is its distance? What is its displacement?
176. Describe how both velocity and acceleration are rates of change.
177. What is necessary for an object to accelerate?
178. If two equal forces act on an object in opposite directions, what is the net force? What is the acceleration?
179. Can an object be in motion if the net force acting on it is zero? Explain.
180. State Newton’s first law of motion.
181. If you are running and you stub your toe, you fall forward. Explain.
182. Why is it necessary to wear a seat belt to hold you in place if you are riding in a car that stops suddenly?
Object
Mass
Velocity
Momentum
1
10 kg
25 m/s
A.
2
B.
25 m/s
300 kg ´ m/s
3
25 kg
C.
300 kg ´ m/s
4
D.
25 m/s
300 kg ´ m/s
Table 3-1
183. In Table 3-1, how does the momentum of object 2 compare with the momentum of object 3?
184. Sally sits on a rock. Her weight is an action force. Describe its reaction force.
185. Sally throws a ball horizontally from the top of a tall building at the same time that Pete drops a ball from the top of the same building. Which ball will hit the ground first? Explain your answer.
186. List the forces that act on a tennis ball during a game and explain how each force affects the tennis ball.
187. Explain how mass and weight are different from each other.
188. Why is your weight less on the Moon than on Earth, but your mass is the same?
189. What is weight?
190. The space shuttle moves into a higher orbit farther from Earth. Explain what happens to the gravitational force on the shuttle.
191. What causes friction?
192. How is mass converted into energy in nuclear fusion?
193. How is mass converted into energy in nuclear fission?
Figure 4-1
194. Which ball in Figure 4-1 has the greatest potential energy?
195. A ball has 100 J of potential energy when it is on a shelf. Explain what happens to the potential energy and the kinetic energy as the ball falls, and find the amount of kinetic energy the ball has at the instant it hits the floor.
196. How does the child's ride on the slide change if the slide is lubricated with water to make it slippery?
197. Describe the changes in mechanical energy as you run up a flight of steps.
198. A dump truck, a sports car, and a bicycle are traveling at the same velocity. Compare their kinetic energies.
199. How is nuclear fission used to generate electricity?
200. An inventor claims to have built a machine that can produce 120 J of work with an input of 110 J. Would you believe the inventor's claim? Why or why not?
201. What happens to energy when work is done?
202. Explain why the mechanical advantage of a single fixed pulley is always 1.
203. How are work, time, and power related?
204. Explain why adding oil to the moving parts of a machine can increase its efficiency.
205. Gears are modified wheel-and-axle machines. Explain how to calculate the mechanical advantage of a pair of gears.
206. Why is actual mechanical advantage less than ideal mechanical advantage?
207. What is the unit of efficiency?
208. How did Aristotle conclude that Earth's shape was spherical based on an eclipse?
209. Why have only a few people ever seen a total solar eclipse?
210. How do the Moon's phases depend on the relative position of the Sun, Moon, and Earth?
211. Why would it be very difficult to drop a note in a bottle off of a boat into the waves and have it reach shore?
212. If you put a ringing alarm clock into a vacuum jar, you cannot hear the alarm. Explain.
213. On the surface of the ocean, water particles are free to move up-and-down as well as back-and-forth to form a combination of transverse and compressional waves. What kind of waves are likely to transport energy deep in the ocean? Why?
214. Explain how seismic waves form.
Figure 10-1
215. In Figure 10-1, identify the following structures:
______ wavelength
______ crest
______ amplitude
216. You drop a stone into a pond. Ripples move away from the point where the stone entered the water. As the ripples move out, they become smaller and smaller. Explain what is happening in terms of energy.
217. Explain what it means for a wave to have a frequency of one hertz.
218. A light wave traveling at an angle starts in air and passes into glass. Will the wave's speed and direction be affected?
219. Explain why AM signals can often be heard behind hills while FM signals cannot.
220. Compare and contrast refraction and diffraction.
221. A standing wave shows both constructive and destructive interference. Explain.
222. Hollister, California, lies directly over the San Andreas strike-slip fault. Every five or six years the streets and sidewalks crack and have to be repaired. Explain.
223. Based on the modified Mercalli scale, describe the effects of an intensity I and an intensity XII earthquake.
224. List three dangers to people from a volcanic eruption.
Problem
225. A small stone dropped into a graduated cylinder causes the water level in the cylinder to rise from 18 mL to 22 mL. What is the volume of the stone?
226. What is the density of the acid in a car battery if 200 mL of the acid has a mass of 240 g?
227. A temperature of 798K is equal to what Celsius temperature?
Figure 1-1
228. Use the graph in Figure 1-1 to determine the percent of human blood that is NOT red blood cells.
Figure 1-2
229. Use Figure 1-2 to find the percentage of adults who carpool compared to the number of adults who ride the bus.
230. A cross-country runner runs 10 km in 40 minutes. What is his average speed?
231. A high speed train travels with an average speed of 227 km/h. The train travels for 2 h. How far does the train travel?
232. Find the acceleration of a car that goes from 32 m/s to 96 m/s in 8.0 s.
233. A 10-kg wagon has a speed of 25 m/s. What is its momentum?
234. Calculate the force on an object that has a mass of 12 kg and an acceleration of 4 m/s2.
235. An 18-kg bicycle carrying a 62-kg girl is traveling at a speed of 7 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the girl and bicycle?
236. A 20-kg bicycle carrying a 50-kg girl is traveling at a speed of 8 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of the girl and bicycle?
237. A 70-kg boy is sitting 3 m from the ground in a tree. What is his gravitational potential energy?
238. A 90-kg ceiling light is suspended 4 m above the floor. What is its gravitational potential energy?
Figure 5-2
239. Find the ideal mechanical advantage of the second-class lever shown in Figure 5-2.
240. What would be the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever in Figure 5-2 if the fulcrum were moved 2 m to the right?
Figure 5-3
241. In Figure 5-3A, what is the ideal mechanical advantage of the inclined plane?
242. In Figure 5-3A, what is the weight of the block?
243. In Figure 5-3A, what is the amount of work required to move the block along the total length of the inclined plane?
244. If the weight of the block in Figure 5-3A were doubled, how much work would be required to move the block along the total length of the inclined plane?
245. If the efficiency of the fixed pulley in Figure 5-3B were 100 percent, how much force would be required in using the pulley to lift the block off the ground?
246. Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage of a lever that is 6 m long and that has 4.5 m effort arm.
247. A 24 cm long screwdriver is used as a lever to open a can of paint. If the fulcrum is 0.5 cm away from the end of the screwdriver, what is the screwdriver's ideal mechanical advantage?
248. Make a sketch of a possible block-and-tackle arrangement that has a mechanical advantage of 4.
249. Speed can be determined by dividing the distance traveled by the time. The water waves in a lake travel 4.4 m in 2.0 s. What is the speed of the waves?
250. An ocean wave has a frequency of 2.0 Hz with a wavelength of 10 m. What is the velocity of the wave?
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